Check Google Rankings for keyword:

"pie chart who invented"

Who Made That Pie Chart? - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/magazine/who-made-that-pie-chart.html
William Playfair — a businessman, engineer and economics writer from Scotland — created the first known pie chart in 1801.
The Infamous Pie Chart: History, Pros, Cons and Best ...
https://about.infogr.am/blog/the-infamous-pie-chart-history-pros-cons-and-best-practices/
The pie chart has been around for over 200 years. It was first invented in 1801 by Scottish writer on political economy William Playfair ...
Why humans love pie charts - Medium
https://medium.com/@mslima/why-humans-love-pie-charts-9cd346000bdc
Ever since Scottish engineer William Playfair devised the pie chart in his Statistical Breviary (1801) this popular statistical graphic has ...
William Playfair Invents the Pie Chart - History of Information
https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=2930
Pie chart from Playfair's Statistical Breviary (1801), showing the proportions of the Turkish Empire located in Asia, Europe and Africa before 1789. In 1801 ...
Playfair's Pie Chart · 37. At a Glance - Lehigh University Omeka
https://omeka.lehigh.edu/exhibits/show/data_visualization/case_one/playfair
Playfair gained early experience in technical drawing and design while working as a draftsman and assistant to James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. In ...
Pie Charts Of The Life Of The Londoner Who Invented Pie ...
https://londonist.com/2015/10/pie-charts-of-the-life-of-the-man-who-invented-pie-charts
While he was in London, Scottish-born William Playfair (1759–1823) invented three forms of statistical chart which we see every day and from ...
Who Invented the Pie Chart? - Why Numbers Matter, Episode 6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP8bwG3MqMU
Sheffield Methods Institute
History of Charts: Who Invented This Chart Type? - Data Xtractor
https://data-xtractor.com/blog/data-visualization/chart-history-who-invented-this-chart-type/
William Playfair (1759 – 1823) – the creator of bar, line and area charts – invented also the pie chart and circle graph, in 1801. First pie ...
William Playfair and the Beginnings of Infographics
http://scihi.org/william-playfair-and-the-beginnings-of-infographics/
› william-playfair-and-the-beginnings-o...
Florence Nightingale's Pie Chart
http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/nightingalepiechart.htm
The polar area diagram was invented by Florence Nightingale to dramatize the extent of needless deaths in British military hospitals during the Cirmean War ...
The Scottish Scoundrel Who Changed How We See Data
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-scottish-scoundrel-who-changed-how-we-see-data
When he wasn't blackmailing lords and being sued for libel, William Playfair invented the pie chart, the bar graph, and the line graph.
William Playfair: Inventor of the Bar Graph, Line ...
https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2017/08/william-playfair-inventor-of-bar-graph.html
William Playfair: Inventor of the Bar Graph, Line Graph, and Pie Chart ... William Playfair (1759-1823) wasn't sure himself whether he had ...
My Theory on How the Pie Chart was Invented? ... - Geolytix
https://geolytix.com/blog/2019-10-07-my-theory-on-how-the-pie-chart-was-invented-and-what-that-tells-us-about-innovation/
So back to the pie chart. It is hard to imagine things we so take for granted, were indeed invented. William was an astonishing, pioneering, ...
The pie chart: should it stay or go? - Devoteam Netherlands
https://nl.devoteam.com/expert-view/the-pie-chart-should-it-stay-or-go/
Florence Nightingale used them quite often, which is why many people think she invented the pie chart. By the way, the bar chart is a bit older, ...
Florence Nightingale, datajournalist: information has ...
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/aug/13/florence-nightingale-graphics
She developed the visual presentation of information, including the pie chart, first developed by William Playfair in 1801.
Pie Chart - Everything about Pie Graphs | EdrawMax Online
https://www.edrawmax.com/pie-chart/
Pie charts came into existence about 200 years ago. William Playfair, a Scottish writer in the year 1801 who strongly believed in appealing to the human eye for ...
What is a Pie Chart? - TIBCO Software
https://www.tibco.com/reference-center/what-is-a-pie-chart
Pie charts were invented by William Playfair in 1801. The first pie charts appeared in his book Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary.
Pie Chart - Voxco
https://www.voxco.com/blog/pie-chart/
The first known pie chart is widely attributed to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, which has two similar diagrams. Playfair displayed a graphic ...
The pie chart: Overused, misused, and abused
https://leffcommunications.com/2016/04/04/pie-chart-overused-misused-abused/
William Playfair, a businessman, economist, and engineer, is the founder of graphical methods of statistics. He invented the line, bar, and area ...
No Humble Pie: The Origins and Usage of a ... - JSTOR
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3701294
The pie chart was his last major graphical invention. Playfair was an accomplished and talented adapter of the ideas of others, and.
Pie chart Facts for Kids - KidzSearch Wiki
https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Pie_chart
The earliest known pie charts were in William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, in which two are used. This invention was not widely used at first.
No Humble Pie: The Origins and Usage of a Statistical Chart
https://classes.engineering.wustl.edu/cse557/spring2017/readings/no-humble-pie.pdf
The pie chart was his last major graphical invention. Playfair was an accomplished and talented adapter of the ideas of others, and.
PROPORTIONAL PIE CHARTS by Abdul Oyewumi - Prezi
https://prezi.com/qqx_fpkqyaox/proportional-pie-charts/
A pie chart, also called a pie graph, is a circular graph often used to represent percentages. William Playfair invented the pie chart in 1801.
The History and Data Encoding of Pie and Donut Charts
http://euclid.psych.yorku.ca/www/psy6135/students/2021/mini-pres/Fabri-Pie%20and%20Donut%20Charts.pdf
with the invention of the pie chart. (see 1801 Statistical Breviary). • 1914: Brinton complaining about its use as a popular display for data.
5.4 Pie chart - Statistique Canada
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/pie-secteurs/5214826-eng.htm
A pie chart, sometimes called a circle chart, is a way of summarizing a set of nominal data or displaying the different values of a given ...
Pie Chart Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript
https://study.com/learn/lesson/what-is-a-pie-chart-definition-examples.html
What is a pie chart and what is it used for?
The following graph is a pie chart that was also created by ...
https://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/Writing/33245030-The-following-graph-is-a-pie-chart-that-was-also-created-by-William-Pl/
In fact this isn't shocking as many common statistical graphics, such as the pie chart, bar graph, and statistical line graph, are thought to have been invented ...
pie-stats | Shari's Restaurant
https://sharis.com/pies/pie-stats/
The pie graph was invented by william playfair in 1801.
When to Make a Pie Chart: What Data Is Best for This ...
https://www.clnsmedia.com/when-to-make-a-pie-chart-what-data-is-best-for-this-format/
The pie chart was invented in 1801 by William Playfair. They've been in constant use since then but since computers made them easy to create ...
The Five Stages of Grief Over the Death of Pie Charts
https://uxplanet.org/the-five-stages-of-grief-over-the-death-of-pie-charts-effb54894fee
Pie charts have had a good run. They have been around since William Playfair created his Statistical Breviary of 1801 using nothing but a ...
The man with a finger in many pie charts - The Irish Times
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-man-with-a-finger-in-many-pie-charts-1.3415259
Ever wondered how pie and bar charts came to be? A single Scot, William Playfair, invented them.
Florence Nightingale: The Lady With the…Pie Chart? | Library
https://blogs.canterbury.ac.uk/library/florence-nightingale-the-lady-with-thepie-chart/
As Alison Hedley describes in her article Florence Nightingale and Victorian data visualisation, 'what made Nightingale's graphs ...
Chart Chats: Pie Chart - E-Tabs
https://www.e-tabs.com/newsevents/chart-chats-pie-chart/
I was invented over 200 years ago so I've been around for a long time. And for all you haters out there, I was invented by William Playfair – the same guy who ...
11.5 Pie Charts - The Open University
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=569§ion=6
You may have heard of Florence Nightingale as a pioneer in nursing practice, but did you know how important data was to her and that she also invented the pie ...
Pie chart - Encyclopedia - The Free Dictionary
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pie+chart
Don't 3.5% know No 19% Yes 77.5% Note: Table made from pie chart. 5 Manufacturing currently accounts for 12% of the UK economy.
Everything You Need to Know About Pie Charts - Venngage
https://venngage.com/blog/pie-chart/
A pie chart is so named because it resembles a sliced pie thanks to its round shape and segments representing the data it's illustrating. pie ...
Pie chart | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki
https://brilliant.org/wiki/pie-chart/
A pie chart, also known as a pie graph, is a circular-shaped graph. William Playfair invented it in 1801. It is divided into sectors, which can be percent, ...
The earliest known pie chart, dating back to 1801, created by ...
https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/kp0p37/the_earliest_known_pie_chart_dating_back_to_1801/
The earliest known pie chart, dating back to 1801, created by William Playfair, depicting the proportions of the Turkish Empire in Asia, Europe, ...
A Brief History of Pie Charts and its Discourse - Student Work
https://studentwork.prattsi.org/infovis/visualization/a-brief-history-of-pie-charts-and-its-discourse/
The pie chart and its related visualizations are controversial, and, despite its many ... This timeline was created using TimelineJS, ...
pie chart - Urban Dictionary
https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=pie%20chart
despite the other entry, a pie chart is a circular graph generally used to map ... It was first invented by a group of teenagers who came from Wigan, ...
Power BI Data Visualization Best Practices Part 5 of 15: Pie ...
https://www.instructorbrandon.com/power-bi-data-visualization-best-practices-part-5-of-15-pie-charts-and-doughnut-charts/
Pie Charts were invented by William Playfair. They are circular visualizations that display values of different categories that make up a ...
History of Data Visualization: Chapter 5
https://friendly.github.io/HistDataVis/ch05-playfair.html
At the beginning of the 19th Century, nearly all of the modern forms of data graphics— the pie chart, the line graph of a time series, and the bar chart— were ...
What is a pie chart and when to use it - storytelling with data
https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2020/5/14/what-is-a-pie-chart
Recent research by Robert Kosara and Drew Skau demonstrated that we read pie charts by area—or possibly in combination with arc length—which ...
Pie chart: the proportions as segments. - ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pie-chart-the-proportions-as-segments_fig1_336585666
... pie chart ( Fig. 1) was invented by William Playfair and appeared first in 1801 in his book (Playfair 1801, insert between pages 12 and 13). While it is ...
Who Invented the Pie Chart? - Why Numbers Matter - Episode 6
https://www.facebook.com/shefmethods/videos/who-invented-the-pie-chart-why-numbers-matter-episode-6/1393464177413475/
The Sheffield Methods Institute
Data Visualization 101: Pie Charts - Visage.co
https://visage.co/data-visualization-101-pie-charts/
Although he invented the form, Playfair never called his invention a “pie chart.” It was left for later generations to note the dessert's ...
Florence Nightingale and the rise of the pie chart
https://denisegraveline.org/2012/04/florence-nightingale-and-rise-of-pie.html
As the historian Hugh Small notes, Nightingale may not have invented statistical graphs, but “she may have been the first to use them for persuading people ...
No. 1712: Nightingale's Graph - University of Houston
https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1712.htm
In it, she created a remarkable and original graphical display to show us just ... Nightingale's graph is like a pie chart, cut into twelve equal angles.
How to Create a Tableau Pie Chart? 7 Easy Steps
https://hevodata.com/learn/tableau-pie-chart/
A Pie Chart is a type of interactive Data Visualization. ... Pat Hanrahan, and Christian Chabot invented and patented it.
Pie Chart - SAGE Research Methods
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-epidemiology/n351.xml
Florence Nightingale, a founder of modern nursing, was also well versed in statistics. She invented a type of pie chart to show that in the Crimean War, far ...
pie chart | statistics | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/topic/pie-chart
Other articles where pie chart is discussed: statistics: Graphical methods: A pie chart is another graphical device for summarizing qualitative data.
When Did Charts Become Popular? - Priceonomics
https://priceonomics.com/when-did-charts-become-popular/
William Playfair created the first known line chart in 1786. The use of statistical graphics did not proliferate in Playfair's lifetime—he died ...
Drop the Mehrabian communication pie charts, now
https://www.trainingjournal.com/blog/drop-mehrabian-communication-pie-charts-now
The person who came up with these numbers is University of California, Los Angeles Professor Albert Mehrabian. Even on Wikipedia, if you look ...
Should Florence Nightingale be credited with inventing the ...
https://lightwater.wordpress.com/2015/12/15/should-florence-nightingale-be-credited-with-inventing-the-pie-chart/
The simple answer is no she didn't. It was William Playfair who invented the pie chart, along with the line chart and the bar chart to help ...
Save the Pies for Dessert | Perceptual Edge
https://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/visual_business_intelligence/save_the_pies_for_dessert.pdf
like did not support pie charts, a feature that she assumed was basic and ... The term “pie chart” was not coined until years later and it is not the only ...
Pie chart processing method and processor - Google Patents
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5475810
The invented pie chart processor obtains the coordinates of a point indicated by a pointing device, calculates the distance between this point and the ...
Why is William Playfair seldom heard about in mathematics?
https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/11869/why-is-william-playfair-seldom-heard-about-in-mathematics
William Playfair was a Scottish engineer and economist, who invented the pie and bar charts as well as the line graph, which have all played ...
Why You Should Avoid Pie Charts - Versta Research
https://verstaresearch.com/blog/why-you-should-avoid-pie-charts/
The New York Times Magazine runs a weekly feature called “Who Made That?” It provides a history on the origins of oddities like fly swatters, ...
who invented pie chart in mathematics formula.​ - Brainly.in
https://brainly.in/question/34204550
The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, in which two such graphs are used.
Should you start using more advanced chart types? - everviz
http://www.everviz.com/should-you-start-using-more-advanced-chart-types/
When William Playfair, a Scottish engineer, and political economist, invented the pie chart, line chart, and bar chart in the late 1700s, ...
Florence Nightingale: The Lady with the Lamp and Pie Chart
https://curiousrambler.com/florence-nightingale/
› florence-nightingale
Pie spy - The Generalist Academy
https://generalist.academy/2020/03/04/pie-spy/
The inventor of the pie chart and the bar chart was also a secret agent who helped collapse the French revolutionary government's economy ...
Understanding Pie Charts - EagerEyes
https://eagereyes.org/techniques/pie-charts
Pie charts are perhaps the most ubiquitous chart type; ... circle (the “pie”) represents some kind of whole, which is made up of the slices.
Life of Pie: William Playfair and the Impact of the Visual
https://m-a.org.uk/resources/PE4LifeofPie.pdf
first pie chart and the man was William Playfair. ... some progress had been made over the century ... showing the first pie chart, 'Statistical chart.
Waffle vs. Pie: A visualization showdown! - Wordpress
https://www.barefootdatascience.com/2017/09/17/waffle-vs-pie-a-visualization-showdown/
I, like many of you, never really thought much about pie charts one way or the other. Invented by William Playfair, and popularized by ...
1800-1849: Beginnings of modern data graphics
https://www.datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?group=1800%2B
In statistical graphics, all of the modern forms of data display were invented: bar and pie charts, histograms, line graphs and time-series plots, ...
'Coxcomb' Diagram, 1858 - Florence Nightingale Museum
https://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/coxcomb-diagram-1858/
Known as a rose diagram but commonly called 'coxcomb', this graph, which resembles a pie chart, was designed by Nightingale with the help of ...
Florence Nightingale's statistical graphics - Edward Tufte forum
https://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=00007o
I'm wondering if you've come across this nifty example of a polar diagram invented by Florence Nightingale. [Editor's note: A good account of Florence ...
Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 4, Section 4 - CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson4/section4.html
To interpret a scatter diagram, look at the overall pattern made by the ... A pie chart is a simple, easily understood chart in which the size of the ...
Pie Chart: Definition, Examples, Make one in Excel/SPSS
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive-statistics/pie-chart/
Pie charts can be made using legacy dialogs. Step 2: Click a radio button to tell SPSS what kind of data you have in the data sheet: Summaries for groups of ...
Pie charts are bad | Steve Fenton
https://www.stevefenton.co.uk/blog/2009/04/pie-charts-are-bad/
Written by Steve Fenton. ... Since 1801, pie charts have displayed information and statistics about all kinds of things. From population to profit ...
Florence Nightingale's statistical diagrams
https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/small.htm
It has been said that Florence Nightingale was the first to use diagrams for presenting statistical data. This is not true, of course, but she may have been the ...
pie chart - Wiktionary
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pie_chart
See also: piechart ... pie chart (plural pie charts). A pictorial graph in the shape of a circle, with segments representing related proportions ...
International Pie Charts - A Way With Words
https://www.waywordradio.org/international-pie-charts/
Pie charts were invented by the Scottish engineer William Playfair, but the name for these visual representations of data came later.
Eccentric pie charts and an unusual pie cutting
https://eprints.sztaki.hu/10031/1/Bozoki_288_31384536_ny.pdf
49] invented it. The popularity of the traditional pie chart is rooted in its simplicity and efficiency in visua- lization. For an arbitrary set of nЬ2 positive ...
William Playfair: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland
https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/p/williamplayfair.html
He invented the time series graph or line chart, the bar chart, and the pie chart. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical ...
Sunburst | Think Design
https://think.design/services/data-visualization-data-design/sunburst/
Sunbursts emerged as a variant of pie charts, which explains why they are also known as multilevel pies, or, simply, nested pie charts. The earliest known ...
A Visionary and a Scoundrel - American Scientist
https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-visionary-and-a-scoundrel
But of course such devices as the bar graph, the time-series line graph and the pie chart had to be invented. The peculiar man who came up with all three ...
Pie charts and other circular visualizations - (optional.is)
https://optional.is/required/2009/07/20/pie-charts-and-other-circular-visualizations/
The invention, or as much as a concept can be invented versus a discovery, of the pie chart is attributed to the Scottish polyglot, ...
How to Make a Pie Chart in LibreOffice : 10 Steps - Instructables
https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Make-a-Pie-Chart-in-LibreOffice/
› Craft › Digital Graphics
A Look Back at the History of Infographics - Questline Digital
https://www.questline.com/blog/look-back-history-infographics/
In the 1750s, William Playfair, a Scottish inventor and engineer, is reported to have invented and published charts that included line graphics, pie charts, ...
The books in a school library were shown by a pie chart The ...
https://www.embibe.com/questions/The-books-in-a-school-library-were-shown-by-a-pie-chart.-The-total-number-of-books-was-4500.-In-which-category%2C-the-number-of-books-were-a-maximum-%3F-%0A%0A/EM6157545
› ... › Q 1
Coxcomb Chart - Visually
https://visual.ly/m/coxcomb-chart/
The invention of the Coxcomb chart is attributed to Florence Nightingale, a nurse during the Crimean War. (Interestingly, Nightingale doesn't seem to have ...
Storyline: Interactive Pie Chart - E-Learning Heroes - Articulate
https://community.articulate.com/download/storyline-2-interactive-pie-chart
This interactive pie chart template I created in Storyline is exactly what you're looking for. Just click on the shape to watch the graphic change with a ...
Pie Charts - Data Plus Science
https://www.dataplusscience.com/files/DVworkshopDay1-Session2.pdf
This is how a Pie Chart Represents the Data ... Show part-to-whole relationship (in lieu of Pie Charts) ... Tufte also invented sparklines to show.
1 History of Statistics 2. Origins of graphs in statistics – William ...
https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/AMSTAT/1484431b-3202-461e-b7e6-ebce10ca8bcd/UploadedImages/Classroom_Activities/HS_3_Origins_of_graphs_in_statistics.pdf
You may be surprised that graphs were not always used ... A graph that appears early in The Breviary is often considered the first published pie chart.
tldr/20_how_charts_lie.md at master · soodoku/tldr - GitHub
https://github.com/soodoku/tldr/blob/master/summaries/20_how_charts_lie.md
William Playfair invented graphical methods. He invented line, bar, and pie chart. His insight = like lat/long, you can encode any quantity.
Foundation of Statistical Graphics | Antiquariat Kühn
https://www.antiquariat-kuehn.de/foundation-of-statistical-graphics/
Infographics and data visualizations invented by William Playfair: Tableaux ... the pie chart, and the line graph – did not simply spring, ...
Please design a logo for me. And some pie charts. For free.
https://27bslash6.com/p2p2.html
I'll also need a couple of pie charts done for a 1 page website. ... Please find attached pie chart as requested. ... So you've invented Twitter.
A Brief History of Data Visualization - insightsoftware
https://insightsoftware.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-data-visualization/
... to be the inventor of many of the most popular graphs we use today (line, bar, circle, and pie charts). Many statistical chart types, ...
Lines, Bars and Circles: How William Playfair Invented Graphs
https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/31423677
Author Helaine Becker and illustrator Marie-Eva Tremblay have created a factual, at times humorous, tome about William Playfair, the inventor of the line graph, ...
Essential Chart Types for Data Visualization | Tutorial by Chartio
https://chartio.com/learn/charts/essential-chart-types-for-data-visualization/
This bar chart shows the number of purchases made by different user types ... However, the pie chart and its cousin the donut plot excel at telling the ...
Barry Ritholtz on Twitter: "Fascinating: The modern statistical ...
https://twitter.com/ritholtz/status/1181215854337249281?lang=en
Fascinating: The modern statistical chart was invented by Scottish political economist William Playfair end of the 18th Century.
Pie Chart - Examples, Formula, Definition, Making - Cuemath
https://www.cuemath.com/data/pie-charts/
A pie chart is a type of graph that records data in a circular manner that is further divided into sectors for representing the data of that particular part out ...
When Graphs Are a Matter of Life and Death | The New Yorker
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/06/21/when-graphs-are-a-matter-of-life-and-death
Pie charts and scatter plots seem like ordinary tools, but they revolutionized the way we solve problems. ... Content. This content can also be ...
Circle Graphs And Pie Charts Teaching Resources | TPT
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/Search:circle%20graphs%20and%20pie%20charts
Browse circle graphs and pie charts resources on Teachers Pay Teachers ... and Circles: How William Playfair Invented Graphs by Helaine ...
Pie Chart of Procrastination - HealthDataViz
https://healthdataviz.com/2011/08/19/pie-chart-of-procrastination/
From ancient maps to interactive visualizations, the graphical depiction of data and concepts has created new ways of seeing things and new ...


self.navigation pushviewcontroller

reverse osmosis 6 stage

what will kill ducks

places to visit in bluewater

how many highways are there in the world

what makes an accurate poll

shameen travel

duće hoteli

cadillac charleston south carolina

where to download pretty little liars season 1

ufo may 20 2012

avante orlando fl

dr seuss wealth

joanne garneau debt settlement

guide through sth

feel cold sore coming on

latin roots cure

cancer united states 2010

leaky gut psoriasis treatment

lineage 2 dynasty breastplate recipe

vrl travels rajajinagar bangalore contact number

buy cheap samsung note 2

kobo affiliate program

cold sore triggers alcohol

9gag latest

boston housing court jurisdiction

how many monster tabs for a hat

baby gender prediction quiz

back raise alternative

amazon our customers advice